Drivers Acute
2021年3月1日Download here: http://gg.gg/ohda6
FAO calls for $900 million to support the livelihoods of 43 million people facing acute hunger
*Drivers Acute Rehab Facilities
An ounce of prevention The last edition of the Global Report on Food Crises indicated that the drivers of acute food insecurity include conflict, climate-related shocks, natural disasters, plant. Acute Angle AA is a Triangle Shaped Mini PC with a Wooden Finish Most mini PCs are boring black boxes, and maybe that’s the way it should be, but if you are looking for something a bit fancier Acute Angle AA is an Apollo Lake mini PC with a triangular shaped enclosure made of aluminum and something that looks like wood. Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) Is One of the Key Drivers of Chronic Pain In Conditions Such As Osteoarthritis (OA) 1 NGF and other biochemical mediators, including IL-1β, PGE 2, IL-6, and TNFα, play an important role in the pain pathway. 1-4 The inhibition of NGF is an area of study in patients with chronic OA pain.
9 March 2020, Rome - While global attention has focused on the swarms of Desert Locusts attacking crops in East Africa, a number of other countries and regions are also confronting serious food security threats and require support, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization.
In a funding appeal released today, FAO is asking for $900 million to reach 43 million vulnerable, agriculture-dependent people at risk of increased acute food insecurity in 22 countries including Burkina Faso, Chad, Ethiopia, Libya, Myanmar, Syria and Yemen.
This represents the FAO component of the UN system’s consolidated 2020 humanitarian appeal. It does not include the additional $138 million that the Organization is seeking for countries in East Africa affected by the ongoing Desert Locust upsurge.
’The majority of people facing acute food insecurity globally - due to conflicts, the impacts of climate change or economic constraints - rely on agriculture for their livelihoods,’ said FAO Director-General, QU Dongyu. ’We need to provide them with the necessary tools to cope with these challenges, enhance their resilience and bounce back.’
What it takes to keep people self-reliant
FAO’s 2020 appeal outlines a range of initiatives aimed at boosting local food production and enhancing nutrition, while strengthening people’s resilience to shocks like conflicts and insecurity, pests and extreme weather.
Activities vary from country to country, but FAO’s goal is to help people produce nutritious food, earn an income and become self-reliant as fast as possible. This can be done by providing agricultural inputs such as seeds, tools, fertilizers and other inputs for crop farming, livestock restocking, by providing animal feed and veterinary care and distributing fishing gear, as well as cash assistance which helps people meet their immediate needs while continuing to produce food.
FAO is also working with communities to help them strengthen their approach to farming and natural resource management, raise their agricultural productivity, and pursue livelihood diversification strategies.
An ounce of prevention
The last edition of the Global Report on Food Crises indicated that the drivers of acute food insecurity include conflict, climate-related shocks, natural disasters, plant and animal pests and diseases, and economic downturn. It is clear that we need to address the underlying causes.
Investing in risk reduction and building the ability of vulnerable people to withstand shocks before they occur is a more humane, effective and cost-efficient approach than responding to the aftermath of disasters.
FAO’s unique blend of humanitarian assistance combines shorter-term responses with anticipatory actions and longer-term resilience-building interventions that seek to build the coping capacity of vulnerable populations before shocks hit. To see the full list of countries FAO is targeting for assistance and find out more about the UN agency’s planned humanitarian interventions in 2020, click here.
ContactFAO Media Relations Office(+39) 06 570 53625FAO-Newsroom@fao.orgAttachments
Executive Summary
In many protracted emergencies, the prevalence rates of global acute malnutrition (GAM) regularly exceed the emergency threshold of > 15% of children with acute malnutrition (< -2 weight-for-height z-scores (WHZ) or with nutritional edema), despite ongoing humanitarian interventions. The widespread scale and long-lasting nature of “persistent GAM” means that it is a policy and programming priority.
Drawing on a literature review and a series of key informant interviews, this paper describes the scale and duration of the persistent GAM problem, the perceived causal pathways, the methodological challenges in identifying trends and understanding drivers, and the implications for current practice and policies as well as for future research.
Our interviewees identified 25 countries as places where persistent GAM is widely recognized as an issue. The most frequently referenced were Somalia, Ethiopia, and South Sudan. The Sahel belt and Horn of Africa were the two most consistently highlighted regions. South Asia, including India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, was also mentioned, indicating this problem is not limited to humanitarian contexts but is also evident in more stable development settings despite wider global improvements in stunting and under-five mortality. Using available survey data, four case studies are presented (see Annex 2), where the prevalence of GAM generally remains above 15%: Chad, Bangladesh, South Sudan, and Niger.
Informants generally agreed that an understanding of the drivers of GAM must inform the design of interventions that address it. The UNICEF conceptual framework—“causes of malnutrition and death”—remains the most well-known and widely adopted conceptual framework and has been reproduced many times. Informants noted that in a protracted crisis, the drivers of persistent GAM are often unclear, in part because the three underlying causes—food, care, and health—all potentially play a role, so there may be no single reason accounting for persistent GAM.
However, a “food-first” focus still tends to dominate thinking and practice in preventing malnutrition in acute emergencies despite the recognized importance of public health in controlling disease and increasing awareness of care for children and women. However, evidence in protracted persistent GAM settings indicates that food security may not be the main driver.
The UNICEF framework provides a starting point for understanding malnutrition causality, but it needs to be elaborated on to understand the basic causes that apply in protracted emergency contexts, including potentially protracted war, conflict, and insecurity; marginalization; inequalities and poverty; governance of natural resources; and migration and displacement. In addition, four cross-cutting themes emerged from the interviews, ones that are not explicit in the UNICEF framework but are felt to be crucial in understanding persistent GAM, including: gender; livelihood systems; the history of vulnerability and long-term trends driving acute malnutrition; and seasonal fluctuations in acute malnutrition.
There are a number of methodological challenges in studying persistent GAM. First, there is limited availability of reliable and comparable data on acute malnutrition, across time and populations. Second, the switch from anthropometric reference data to WHO growth standards in 2006 had implications for comparability over time. Another potential challenge is the slight differences in body shape that have been observed among children over two years of age from different populations, which associates longerlimbed types with pastoralist populations in hotter, semi-arid environments.
Various approaches are used for analyzing the drivers of malnutrition, ranging from household surveys to qualitative approaches and mixed methods. While surveys can be used for testing correlations and regression analysis, a general lack of capacity and resources tends to limit this approach in practice. Both localized surveys and qualitative methods suffer in that results are not generalizable.
Recent methodological advances include a new participatory and response-oriented methodology known as Link-NCA, which has now been applied in more than 30 settings. Identified strengths of this approach are that it can bring together stakeholders, raise awareness, and build consensus. However, the issue of response analysis and uptake of findings remains a challenge not only for Link-NCA but also for all methodologies.
Addressing persistent GAM presents particular challenges for operational agencies, in part as a result of structural issues within the humanitarian system (focus on treatment of severe acute malnutrition, “siloed” sectors, short-term funding cycles that do not include nutrition causal analysis (NCA) or prioritize prevalence data).
The paper offers some potential strategies for moving forward. First, treatment and prevention should go hand in hand at all stages of an emergency; second, nutrition-sensitive programs based on partnership, localization, and more participatory ways of working should be adopted as common practice; third, the root causes of persistent GAM linked with the wider political economy and protracted crisis should be more seriously analyzed; fourth, a learning culture linked to research uptake and response analysis should be promoted.Drivers Acute Rehab Facilities
This last point is linked to a proposed research agenda to strengthen the evidence base in order to guide programs and policies. Important research gaps highlighted in this review relate to further analysis of wasting trends and, linked with this analysis, the relationship between wasting, stunting, and mortality. A major area for future research is further investigations of specific pathways associated with wasting, including the role of environmental enteropathy pathogens, the microbiota, and the role of pre-existing nutritional status on child wasting
Download here: http://gg.gg/ohda6
https://diarynote.indered.space
FAO calls for $900 million to support the livelihoods of 43 million people facing acute hunger
*Drivers Acute Rehab Facilities
An ounce of prevention The last edition of the Global Report on Food Crises indicated that the drivers of acute food insecurity include conflict, climate-related shocks, natural disasters, plant. Acute Angle AA is a Triangle Shaped Mini PC with a Wooden Finish Most mini PCs are boring black boxes, and maybe that’s the way it should be, but if you are looking for something a bit fancier Acute Angle AA is an Apollo Lake mini PC with a triangular shaped enclosure made of aluminum and something that looks like wood. Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) Is One of the Key Drivers of Chronic Pain In Conditions Such As Osteoarthritis (OA) 1 NGF and other biochemical mediators, including IL-1β, PGE 2, IL-6, and TNFα, play an important role in the pain pathway. 1-4 The inhibition of NGF is an area of study in patients with chronic OA pain.
9 March 2020, Rome - While global attention has focused on the swarms of Desert Locusts attacking crops in East Africa, a number of other countries and regions are also confronting serious food security threats and require support, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization.
In a funding appeal released today, FAO is asking for $900 million to reach 43 million vulnerable, agriculture-dependent people at risk of increased acute food insecurity in 22 countries including Burkina Faso, Chad, Ethiopia, Libya, Myanmar, Syria and Yemen.
This represents the FAO component of the UN system’s consolidated 2020 humanitarian appeal. It does not include the additional $138 million that the Organization is seeking for countries in East Africa affected by the ongoing Desert Locust upsurge.
’The majority of people facing acute food insecurity globally - due to conflicts, the impacts of climate change or economic constraints - rely on agriculture for their livelihoods,’ said FAO Director-General, QU Dongyu. ’We need to provide them with the necessary tools to cope with these challenges, enhance their resilience and bounce back.’
What it takes to keep people self-reliant
FAO’s 2020 appeal outlines a range of initiatives aimed at boosting local food production and enhancing nutrition, while strengthening people’s resilience to shocks like conflicts and insecurity, pests and extreme weather.
Activities vary from country to country, but FAO’s goal is to help people produce nutritious food, earn an income and become self-reliant as fast as possible. This can be done by providing agricultural inputs such as seeds, tools, fertilizers and other inputs for crop farming, livestock restocking, by providing animal feed and veterinary care and distributing fishing gear, as well as cash assistance which helps people meet their immediate needs while continuing to produce food.
FAO is also working with communities to help them strengthen their approach to farming and natural resource management, raise their agricultural productivity, and pursue livelihood diversification strategies.
An ounce of prevention
The last edition of the Global Report on Food Crises indicated that the drivers of acute food insecurity include conflict, climate-related shocks, natural disasters, plant and animal pests and diseases, and economic downturn. It is clear that we need to address the underlying causes.
Investing in risk reduction and building the ability of vulnerable people to withstand shocks before they occur is a more humane, effective and cost-efficient approach than responding to the aftermath of disasters.
FAO’s unique blend of humanitarian assistance combines shorter-term responses with anticipatory actions and longer-term resilience-building interventions that seek to build the coping capacity of vulnerable populations before shocks hit. To see the full list of countries FAO is targeting for assistance and find out more about the UN agency’s planned humanitarian interventions in 2020, click here.
ContactFAO Media Relations Office(+39) 06 570 53625FAO-Newsroom@fao.orgAttachments
Executive Summary
In many protracted emergencies, the prevalence rates of global acute malnutrition (GAM) regularly exceed the emergency threshold of > 15% of children with acute malnutrition (< -2 weight-for-height z-scores (WHZ) or with nutritional edema), despite ongoing humanitarian interventions. The widespread scale and long-lasting nature of “persistent GAM” means that it is a policy and programming priority.
Drawing on a literature review and a series of key informant interviews, this paper describes the scale and duration of the persistent GAM problem, the perceived causal pathways, the methodological challenges in identifying trends and understanding drivers, and the implications for current practice and policies as well as for future research.
Our interviewees identified 25 countries as places where persistent GAM is widely recognized as an issue. The most frequently referenced were Somalia, Ethiopia, and South Sudan. The Sahel belt and Horn of Africa were the two most consistently highlighted regions. South Asia, including India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, was also mentioned, indicating this problem is not limited to humanitarian contexts but is also evident in more stable development settings despite wider global improvements in stunting and under-five mortality. Using available survey data, four case studies are presented (see Annex 2), where the prevalence of GAM generally remains above 15%: Chad, Bangladesh, South Sudan, and Niger.
Informants generally agreed that an understanding of the drivers of GAM must inform the design of interventions that address it. The UNICEF conceptual framework—“causes of malnutrition and death”—remains the most well-known and widely adopted conceptual framework and has been reproduced many times. Informants noted that in a protracted crisis, the drivers of persistent GAM are often unclear, in part because the three underlying causes—food, care, and health—all potentially play a role, so there may be no single reason accounting for persistent GAM.
However, a “food-first” focus still tends to dominate thinking and practice in preventing malnutrition in acute emergencies despite the recognized importance of public health in controlling disease and increasing awareness of care for children and women. However, evidence in protracted persistent GAM settings indicates that food security may not be the main driver.
The UNICEF framework provides a starting point for understanding malnutrition causality, but it needs to be elaborated on to understand the basic causes that apply in protracted emergency contexts, including potentially protracted war, conflict, and insecurity; marginalization; inequalities and poverty; governance of natural resources; and migration and displacement. In addition, four cross-cutting themes emerged from the interviews, ones that are not explicit in the UNICEF framework but are felt to be crucial in understanding persistent GAM, including: gender; livelihood systems; the history of vulnerability and long-term trends driving acute malnutrition; and seasonal fluctuations in acute malnutrition.
There are a number of methodological challenges in studying persistent GAM. First, there is limited availability of reliable and comparable data on acute malnutrition, across time and populations. Second, the switch from anthropometric reference data to WHO growth standards in 2006 had implications for comparability over time. Another potential challenge is the slight differences in body shape that have been observed among children over two years of age from different populations, which associates longerlimbed types with pastoralist populations in hotter, semi-arid environments.
Various approaches are used for analyzing the drivers of malnutrition, ranging from household surveys to qualitative approaches and mixed methods. While surveys can be used for testing correlations and regression analysis, a general lack of capacity and resources tends to limit this approach in practice. Both localized surveys and qualitative methods suffer in that results are not generalizable.
Recent methodological advances include a new participatory and response-oriented methodology known as Link-NCA, which has now been applied in more than 30 settings. Identified strengths of this approach are that it can bring together stakeholders, raise awareness, and build consensus. However, the issue of response analysis and uptake of findings remains a challenge not only for Link-NCA but also for all methodologies.
Addressing persistent GAM presents particular challenges for operational agencies, in part as a result of structural issues within the humanitarian system (focus on treatment of severe acute malnutrition, “siloed” sectors, short-term funding cycles that do not include nutrition causal analysis (NCA) or prioritize prevalence data).
The paper offers some potential strategies for moving forward. First, treatment and prevention should go hand in hand at all stages of an emergency; second, nutrition-sensitive programs based on partnership, localization, and more participatory ways of working should be adopted as common practice; third, the root causes of persistent GAM linked with the wider political economy and protracted crisis should be more seriously analyzed; fourth, a learning culture linked to research uptake and response analysis should be promoted.Drivers Acute Rehab Facilities
This last point is linked to a proposed research agenda to strengthen the evidence base in order to guide programs and policies. Important research gaps highlighted in this review relate to further analysis of wasting trends and, linked with this analysis, the relationship between wasting, stunting, and mortality. A major area for future research is further investigations of specific pathways associated with wasting, including the role of environmental enteropathy pathogens, the microbiota, and the role of pre-existing nutritional status on child wasting
Download here: http://gg.gg/ohda6
https://diarynote.indered.space
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